中国日渐老化的增长引擎

经济注解

  • 中国
  • 一般经济

2023年01月10日

经过几十年的经济高速增长,中国的增长引擎正在放缓,引发了对经济是否会陷入中等收入陷阱问题的讨论。

  • 中国已发展成为世界工厂,数十年来,经济一直维持快速增长,帮助千百万人摆脱贫困。然而,经济增长率自2010年以来便在放缓,让人不禁想问中国经济是否会陷入所谓的“中等收入陷阱”。
  • 由于早期政策措施的结果尚不明朗,并且这些政策在未来几年还可能发生变化,因此对此下结论还为时过早。不过,中国经济的多个发展动态表明增长会进一步放缓。我们列出了其中十项。
  • 目前,清零政策和房地产行业危机抑制了GDP增长,而地方政府和国有企业的高额负债也会威胁金融稳定。长期增长前景的负面影响因素则包括中国人口老龄化、人力资本错配和低生产率增长,管制私营企业和注重自力更生相关的政策措施则会放大负面影响。
  • 除上述国内因素外,中国的经济增长还受到中国与世界其他国家/地区关系的影响。中国的许多出口对象国家/地区都希望减少对进口的依赖。强化供应链保障只会导致经济体逐渐部分脱钩,而日益加剧的地缘政治竞争(贸易战只是其中一部分)仍然属于不确定因素,只会产生负面效应。
  • 中国共产党“十四五”规划指出,到2035年,中国将成为“中等发达”经济体。实现这一目标的关键在于,中国能够充分调整其当前日渐老化的增长模式。因此,人们担心,由于地缘政治竞争而做出的政策选择如今非但无法提高生产率增长,反而适得其反。

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